Desktop publishingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to:
navigation,
search "Electronic publication" redirects here. For electronic publications, see
Digital media.
Scribus, an open source desktop publishing application
Desktop publishing (also known as
DTP) combines a
personal computer and
WYSIWYG page layout
software to create
publication documents on a computer for either
large scale publishing or small scale local
multifunction peripheral output and distribution.
The term "desktop publishing" is commonly used to describe
page layout skills. However, the skills and software are not limited to paper and book publishing. The same skills and software are often used to create graphics for
point of sale displays,
promotional items,
trade show exhibits,
retail package designs and
outdoor signs.
//
[edit] HistoryDesktop publishing began in 1985 with the introduction of
MacPublisher, the first
WYSIWYG layout program, which ran on the original 128K
Macintosh computer. (Desktop
typesetting, with only limited page makeup facilities, had arrived in 1978–9 with the introduction of
TeX, and was extended in the early 1980s by
LaTeX.) The DTP market exploded in 1985 with the introduction in January of the
Apple LaserWriter printer, and later in July with the introduction of
PageMaker software from
Aldus which rapidly became the DTP industry standard software.
The ability to create
WYSIWYG page layouts on screen and then
print pages at crisp 300
dpi resolution was revolutionary for both the typesetting industry and the personal computer industry. Newspapers and other print publications made the move to DTP-based programs from older layout systems like
Atex and other such programs in the early 1980s.
The term "desktop publishing" is attributed to
Aldus Corporation founder
Paul Brainerd[1], who sought a marketing catch-phrase to describe the small size and relative affordability of this suite of products in contrast to the expensive commercial
phototypesetting equipment of the day.
By the standards of today, early desktop publishing was a primitive affair. Users of the PageMaker-LaserWriter-Macintosh 512K system endured frequent software crashes, the Mac's tiny 512 x 342 1-bit black and white screen, the inability to control
letter spacing,
kerning (the addition or removal of space between individual characters in a piece of typeset text to improve its appearance or alter its fit) and other
typographic features, and discrepancies between the screen display and printed output. However, it was a revolutionary combination at the time, and was received with considerable acclaim.
Behind-the-scenes technologies developed by
Adobe Systems set the foundation for professional desktop publishing applications. The LaserWriter and LaserWriter Plus printers included high quality, scalable Adobe
PostScript-fonts built into their
ROM memory. The LaserWriter's
PostScript capability allowed publication designers to proof files on a local printer then print the same file at DTP
service bureaus using
optical resolution 600+ ppi PostScript-printers such as those from
Linotronic. Later, the
Macintosh II was released which was much more suitable for desktop publishing because of its larger, color screen, support for multiple displays, greater RAM capacity and its
SCSI storage interface which allowed fast, high-capacity hard drives to be attached to the system.
Although Macintosh-based systems would continue to dominate the market, in 1986, the
GEM-based
Ventura Publisher was introduced for
MS-DOS computers. While PageMaker's pasteboard metaphor closely simulated the process of creating layouts manually, Ventura Publisher automated the layout process through its use of tags/
style sheets and automatically generated indices and other body matter. This made it suitable for manuals and other long-format documents. Desktop publishing moved into the home market in 1986 with
Professional Page for the
Amiga,
Publishing Partner (now PageStream) for the
Atari ST, GST's
Timeworks Publisher on the PC and Atari ST and
Calamus for the
Atari TT030. Even for 8-bit computers like the
Apple II and
Commodore 64 software was published: Home Publisher,
The Newsroom and
geoPublish.
During these early years, desktop publishing acquired a bad reputation from untrained users who created poorly-organized
ransom note effect layouts — criticisms that would be levied again against early
web publishers a decade later. However, some were able to realize truly professional results. For example,
.info magazine became the very first desktop-published, full-color, newsstand magazine in the last quarter of 1986, using a combination of Commodore
Amiga computers, Professional Page desktop publishing software, and an
Agfa Graphics typesetter
[2].
Often considered a primary skill, increased accessibility to more user-friendly DTP software has made DTP a secondary skill to
art direction,
graphic design,
multimedia development,
marketing communications,
administrative careers and advanced high school literacy in thriving economies. DTP skill levels range from what may be learned in a few hours (e.g. learning how to put clip art in a word processor) to what requires a college education and years of experience (e.g.
advertising agency positions). The discipline of DTP skills range from technical skills such as
prepress production and
programming to creative skills such as
communication design and
graphic image development.
[edit] TerminologyThere are two types of pages in desktop publishing,
electronic pages and virtual paper pages to be printed on
physical paper pages. All computerized documents are technically electronic, which are limited in size only by
computer memory or
computer data storage space.
Virtual paper pages will ultimately be
printed, and therefore require paper parameters that coincide with
international standard physical paper sizes such as "A4," "letter," etc., if not custom sizes for trimming. Some desktop publishing programs allow custom sizes designated for large format printing used in
posters,
billboards and
trade show displays. A virtual page for printing has a predesignated size of virtual printing material and can be viewed on a monitor in
WYSIWYG format. Each page for printing has trim sizes (edge of paper) and a printable area if
bleed printing is not possible as is the case with most
desktop printers.
A
web page is an example of an electronic page that is not constrained by virtual paper parameters. Most electronic pages may be dynamically re-sized, causing either the
content to scale in size with the page or causing the
content to re-flow.
Master pages are templates used to automatically copy or link elements and graphic design styles to some or all the pages of a multipage document. Linked elements can be modified without having to change each instance of an element on pages that use the same element. Master pages can also be used to apply graphic design styles to automatic page numbering.
Page layout is the process by which the elements are laid on the page orderly, aesthetically, and precisely. Main types of components to be laid out on a page include
text, linked
images that can only be modified as an external source, and embedded images that may be modified with the layout application software. Some embedded images are
rendered in the application software, while others can be placed from an external source image file. Text may be
keyed into the layout, placed, or (with
database publishing applications) linked to an external source of text which allows multiple editors to develop a document at the same time.
Graphic design styles such as color, transparency, and filters, may also be applied to layout elements.
Typography styles may be applied to text automatically with
style sheets. Some layout programs include style sheets for images in addition to text. Graphic styles for images may be border shapes, colors, transparency, filters, and a parameter designating the way text flows around the object called "wraparound" or "runaround."
[edit] Comparisons[edit] With word processingWhile desktop publishing software still provides extensive features necessary for print publishing, modern word processors now have publishing capabilities beyond those of many older DTP applications, blurring the line between
word processing and desktop publishing.
In the early days of
graphical user interfaces, DTP software was in a class of its own when compared to the fairly spartan word processing applications of the time. Programs such as
WordPerfect and
WordStar were still mainly text-based and offered little in the way of page layout, other than perhaps margins and line spacing. On the other hand, word processing software was necessary for features like indexing and spell checking, features that are common in many applications today.
As computers and operating systems have become more powerful, vendors have sought to provide users with a single application platform that can meet all needs.
[edit] With other electronic layout softwareIn modern usage, DTP is not generally said to include tools such as
TeX or
troff, though both can easily be used on a modern desktop system and are standard with many
Unix-like operating systems and readily available for other systems. The key difference between electronic
typesetting software and DTP software is that DTP software is generally interactive and
WYSIWYG in design, while older electronic typesetting software tends to operate in
batch mode, requiring the user to enter the processing program's markup language manually without a direct visualization of the finished product. The older style of typesetting software occupies a substantial but shrinking niche in
technical writing and textbook publication; however, since much software in this genre is freely available, it can be more cost-effective than the professionally-oriented DTP systems. It is also particularly suitable for corporate newsletters or other applications where consistent, automated layout is important.
One of the early and comprehensive reference books on the art of Desktop Publishing is Desktop Publishing For Everyone by K.S.V. Menon. This publication deals with virtually every facet of publishing and nearly all tools available as at the time of the publishing of this book in the year 2000. It is currently out of print.
There is some overlap between desktop publishing and what is known as
Hypermedia publishing (i.e. Web design, Kiosk, CD-ROM). Many graphical
HTML editors such as
Microsoft FrontPage and
Adobe Dreamweaver use a layout engine similar to a DTP program. However, some Web designers still prefer to write HTML without the assistance of a WYSIWYG editor, and only resort to such software, if at all, solely for complex layout that cannot easily be rendered in
موضوع: drsktop publishing 
